Robert's ideas were cited repeatedly by Freud in his Die Traumdeutung. By the dream work, incomplete material is either removed (suppressed) or deepened and included into memory. Robert (1886), a physician from Hamburg, was the first who suggested that dreams are a need and that they have the function to erase (a) sensory impressions that were not fully worked up, and (b) ideas that were not fully developed during the day. Payne and Nadal hypothesize these memories are then consolidated into a smooth narrative, similar to a process that happens when memories are created under stress.ĭreams for removing excess sensory information One stage of memory consolidation is the linking of distant but related memories. Increasing levels of the stress hormone cortisol late in sleep (often during REM sleep) cause this decreased communication. These conditions may occur because, during REM sleep, the flow of information between the hippocampus and neocortex is reduced.
Tarnow's theory is a reworking of Freud's theory of dreams in which Freud's unconscious is replaced with the long-term memory system and Freud's "Dream Work" describes the structure of long-term memory.ĭreams for strengthening of semantic memoriesĪ 2001 study showed evidence that illogical locations, characters, and dream flow may help the brain strengthen the linking and consolidation of semantic memories. During waking life an executive function interprets long-term memory consistent with reality checking. The strangeness of dreams is due to the format of long-term memory, reminiscent of Penfield & Rasmussen's findings that electrical excitations of the cortex give rise to experiences similar to dreams. This theory integrates many earlier findings into a unified, and evolutionary well informed, framework.ĭreams as excitations of long-term memoryĮugen Tarnow suggests that dreams are ever-present excitations of long-term memory, even during waking life. For example, both reactions exhibit brainstem control, paralysis, sympathetic activation, and thermoregulatory changes. The neurophysiology and phenomenology of this reaction shows striking similarities to REM sleep, a fact which betrays a deep evolutionary kinship. This reflex, also known as animal hypnosis or death feigning, functions as the last line of defense against an attacking predator and consists of the total immobilization of the animal: the animal appears dead (cf. This explains why dreams have both characteristics of continuity (within a dream) and sudden changes (between two dreams).ĭefensive immobilization: the precursor of dreamsĪccording to Tsoukalas (2012) REM sleep is an evolutionary transformation of a well-known defensive mechanism, the tonic immobility reflex. He proposes that, with the involvement of the brain associative thinking system, dreaming is, thereafter, self-maintained with the dreamer's own thinking until the next pulse of memory insertion. Zhang suggests that this pulse-like brain activation is the inducer of each dream. This triggers the "continual-activation" mechanism to generate a data stream from the memory stores to flow through the conscious part of the brain. We also provide seller ratings to warn you if the seller can be trusted or not.Hang assumes that during REM sleep the unconscious part of a brain is busy processing the procedural memory meanwhile, the level of activation in the conscious part of the brain descends to a very low level as the inputs from the sensory are basically disconnected. A = very trustworthy reviews, F = highly untrustworthy reviews. We give an A-F letter for trustworthiness of reviews. We look for real reviews that mention product issues such as counterfeits, defects, and bad return policies that fake reviews try to hide from consumers. Link to Fakespot Analysis | Check out the Fakespot Chrome Extension!įakespot analyzes the reviews authenticity and not the product quality using AI.
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